Mysticism, Comparative Religion, and Christian Relations with Other Faiths:
R.C. Zaehner (1913-1974) on Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam
Convenors: Fitzroy Morrissey (Pembroke), Msgr. Michael Nazir-Ali (St Edmund Hall), Anthony O’Mahony (Blackfriars)
This seminar series marks the 50th anniversary of the death of R.C. Zaehner (1913-1974), Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics and Fellow of All Souls (1952-1974), British agent in Tehran, Catholic convert, and a prolific and controversial writer on mystical experience, comparative religion, and the Christian encounter with other faiths. This series will explore Zaehner’s work and its legacy. Lectures will take place (unless indicated) on Thursdays at 4pm in Lecture Room 1 of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. They will also be streamed online.
Kings of Cities and Rulers of the Steppes examines the iconography of Central Asian rulers from the Bronze Age to the Early Islamic period, focusing on the cultural, religious, and ideological messages conveyed through royal imagery. With over 650 illustrations (including 300 original drawings), Michael Shenkar traces the evolution of kingship and its iconography over time, highlighting Central Asia’s role as a meeting point for Iranian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, and Turkic cultures. Often referred to as a “crossroads of civilizations,” Central Asia provides a rich context in which these cultures interacted and influenced one another. By examining royal imagery as a historical and cultural source, this book uncovers the cultural complexities behind the kings who ruled the region’s rich cities and vast steppes. It uses these visual representations as a lens to explore the cultural, political, and religious dynamics that defined Central Asia’s heritage. A major theme of the book is the unparalleled diversity of ancient Central Asian royal imagery, which reflects both the political fragmentation of the region and the interactions between nomadic and sedentary populations. Shenkar also highlights the distinct feature of collective sovereignty found in many Central Asian and Iranian states. Post-nomadic royal clans such of the Scythians, Yuezhi, Huns, and Turks often utilized an ‘appanage system’, allowing rulers to express their identities by combining traditional symbols of power with unique elements that differentiated them from others. This book provides an ambitious, multi-century exploration of Central Asian kingship, offering new insights into the political and cultural significance of the region’s royal imagery
For over 400 years, the Sasanian Empire was one of late antiquity’s most powerful empires. Zoroastrian religious specialists came up with a system to order its complex society. By looking at numerous primary sources, this volume reconstructs that process in the context of Sasanian social and economic history and examines its afterlife in Zoroastrian texts.
This book examines the Zoroastrian community in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi period beyond the borders of Iran to trace this Parsi-Persian relationship. A major theme is the increase in philanthropy directed to the Zoroastrians of Iran by the Parsis and the involvement of the British in encouraging Parsi feelings of patriotism towards Iran. The book shows that not only were Parsis affected by events taking place in Iran, they also contributed to the broader change in attitudes towards Zoroastrians in that country.
Description
Buhler’s book will be launched at an event in SOAS. For more information, see this link.
The Bundahišn was a sort of final clearinghouse for Iranian religion and cosmogony, completed shortly before the Arabian conquest of Iran and the extinguishing of most forms of Indo-Iranian religion from the world. It has been mined extensively by scholars – especially Georges Dumézil – for the many traces of the Indo-European past it contains. With his encyclopedic knowledge of IE linguistics and Sanskrit and classical literature, Professor Malandra has accompanied his translation with notes which not only illuminate the more confusing elements of the text, but also ground it in the world of Indo-European and Indo-Aryan literature. Readers will surely appreciate the author’s clear and engaging writing as he guides them through this intriguing text.
Table of Contents
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Translation of The Bundahišn, chapters I-XXXVI with extensive notes
Appendix A – Translation of the Wizīdagīhā ī Zādspram text with notes;
The commemorative publication Deciphering the Illegible is dedicated to Dieter Weber, one of the most important scholars in the field of Iranian Studies, who is best known for his work on deciphering original documents in the extremely ambiguous Pahlavi cursive script, which was long considered ‘illegible’. In addition to an appreciation of his research and a bibliography of his publications, the volume contains twenty-eight contributions by renowned experts, reflecting the broad spectrum of the dedicatee’s academic interests and research work. The articles cover a wide range of topics and offer many new insights and original perspectives on religious, linguistic and historical problems, including several editions of previously unpublished texts.
Miguel Ángel Andrés-Toledo: Three Zoroastrian Manuscripts in Armenia
Thomas Benfey: Windādag’s Orders: Ten Unpublished Middle Persian Ostracafrom Chāl Ṭarkhān-ʿEshqābād
Adam Benkato: A Manichaean Remedy for Headaches
Alberto Cantera: The Passive Suffix -ī̆h̆– in Middle Persian
Carlo G. Cereti: From the Zamyād Yašt to the Seventh Book of the Dēnkard, Some Notes on Sistan and Zoroastrian Eschatology
Iris Colditz: How to Make Clarified Butter in Sogdian
Touraj Daryaee: The Owl in the Zoroastrian Tradition: Contribution to Iranian Bestiary I
Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst: Hübschmann and the Middle Iranian Part on Armenian Loanwords
Shervin Farridnejad and Arash Zeini: “Who Will Protect the Cattle”? On Dogs and the Sin of Meat Consumption in Zoroastrianism
Ela Filippone: A Contribution to Pahlavi Lexicography: The Case of ⟨twk(‘)⟩ and ⟨twp(‘)⟩ in the Pahlavi Corpus and their Possible Cognates in Modern Iranian Languages
Philippe Gignoux †: Sur l’argenterie sassanide, relectures et nouveautés
Rika Gyselen: Le y final et le trait final en moyen-perse: le cas des sceaux des administrations territoriales
Almut Hintze: The Pahlavi Psalter in its Historical Context
Philip Huyse: Klimawandel und die spätantike Pest im sasanidischen Reich
Götz König: Notizen zur Überlieferung und zum Gebrauch der Yašts
Pavel B. Lurje and Boris Zheleznyakov: “Let Buyruq Sangun Live Long and be Divinely Blessed” Another Sogdian Dedicatory Inscription
Maria Macuch: Trading with Infidels: A Balancing Act in Zoroastrian Legal Reasoning
Mauro Maggi: Blowing out saṃsāra in Khotan.
Jaime Martínez Porro: A Brief Note on an Avestan Quotation in the Wizī̆rgerd ī̆ Dēnī̆g
Enrico Morano: Fragments from a Sogdian Cosmogonical Manuscript in Manichaean Script.
Antonio Panaino: The ‘starred’ Frawahr and the ‘Katasterization’ of Humanity
Anna-Grethe Rischel: Studies of ‘Watermarks of Technology’ from the Turfan Collection in Berlin
Adriano V. Rossi: Minima Iranica for Dieter
Nikolaus Schindel: Zur Bronzeprägung des Ohrmazd IV.
Martin Schwartz: Mnemonica Iranica
Nicholas Sims-Williams: Further Notes on Sogdians in Khotan
Yutaka Yoshida: Training of Scribes along the Silk Road: A Case from Manichaean Sogdian
Arash Zeini: The Covenant that Binds: Ownership of Life in Late Antique Zoroastrianism
This lecture offers an exploration of the complex history of the Zoroastrian community in Ahvaz, a city in the province of Khuzestan in Iran. Because of economic hardship and agricultural decline in Yazd, Zoroastrians started migrating there in the early 20th century. Earlier censuses from the 19th century, such as those by Hataria in 1854 and Houtum-Schindler in 1882, record no Zoroastrian presence in Ahvaz. The earliest mention of Zoroastrians in the city appears in the 1963 census, which was prepared for the National Zoroastrian Congress held in Kerman that same year. The Zoroastrian community in Ahvaz has so far found little, if any scholarly attention due to the dearth of documentation. However, as a result of new archival evidence from the Pouladi Collection, unearthed by the speakers in 2016, new data has emerged that throws light on the reasons for the migration from Yazd to Ahvaz. The new documents provide evidence that Zoroastrian settlements were established in the 1920s along the Karun River through the agricultural enterprise, the Mazdyasnān Company. This lecture examines how the Zoroastrian community of Ahvaz flourished in their new home, contributing to the prosperity of the region, but later, despite its successes, gradually declined. This development raises critical questions regarding the preservation of minority heritage in Iran.
‘A Spark of the Glimmer of the Original Light’: A Workshop on the Dēnkard as Literature, Theology, and Scholasticism 17-18 Oct, Wolfson College University of Oxford
Professor Samra Azarnouche (L’École Pratique des Hautes Études – Paris Sciences & Lettres) and Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina will be co-convening a workshop on the Dēnkard. Co-sponsored by EPHE, Paris and AMES, University of Oxford, this two-day Workshop on literature, theology, and scholasticism of the Zoroastrian community in the 9th century CE, is to be held on Thursday and Friday, 17–18 October 2024 in the Buttery at Wolfson College.
The Dēnkard, the towering achievement of Zoroastrian scholasticism in Late Antiquity and compiled in the 9th century CE, serves as a comprehensive compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs, practices, and doctrines. In its nine books, the Dēnkard, at 169,000 words, covers a staggering range of topics, including cosmology, ethics, rituals, jurisprudence, and the history of Zoroastrianism and its textual transmission. The work addresses various theological questions, offering explanations for the nature of good and evil, the existence of the spiritual world, and the role of humanity in the cosmic struggle between Ohrmazd, the god of light and order, and Ahrimen, the principle of darkness and chaos. Through its challenging rhetorical structures and hermeneutical interpretations, the Dēnkard provides unique insight into the dualistic Zoroastrian world-view and its influence on ancient and medieval Iranian society. As a crucial source of Zoroastrian thought and tradition, the Dēnkard not only informs contemporary practitioners but also scholars and researchers interested in the history of religion, Iranian studies, and comparative theology. Its significance lies in its preservation of Zoroastrian theology and its role in shaping the religious and cultural landscape of the pre-Islamic Iranian world.
The Workshop will be conducted based on pre-circulated papers which will explore the nature and character of a particular book of the Dēnkard, structural and intertextual connections between different books, and the broader questions of transmission and historical context. The workshop will feature a variety of distinguished scholars from the UK, continental Europe, and North America working on Zoroastrianism in Late Antiquity and the early Islamic period.
Azarnouche, Samra. 2024. Tectonique des mythes. Croyances et théories zoroastriennes sur le tremblement de terre. Revue de l’histoire des religions 241(2). 275–297.
Anselm Kiefer, Le Croissant fertile, 2010
While the earthquake is primarily a cosmogonic act provoked by the intrusion of Evil into Ohrmazd’s world, the Zoroastrian accounts describing the phenomenon also bear witness to a striking confluence of myth, mechanistic theories and biological analogies. The tradition conveyed by the texts (Bundahišn 21e, Dēnkard III.93 and Dādestān ī Dēnīg 69) attributes the earthquake sometimes to the demon Čišmag and his atmospheric acolytes, sometimes to the sorcerer Frāsyāb, two figures who also have in common that they are associated with drought. Some episodes featuring them also include a mysterious appearance by Spandarmad, the Earth goddess. These elements indicate that the Zoroastrian aetiology of earthquakes was far more narratively complex than the texts handed down to us give us to understand.
Abstract
The above article is part of an issue dedicated to earthquakes:
The history of imperial dynasties in West Asia is replete with examples of remarkable urban foundations. Two notable instances are the Sasanian Ardašīr-xwarrah and the Abbasid Madīnat al-Salām, which can be classified as cosmic cities or heterotopias. This article examines the utopian foundations of these heterotopias. To this end, it analyzes four religious and imperial spaces: the representation of the earth and sky in the Zoroastrian cosmography, Yima’s Vara according to the Avestan texts, Ardašīr-xwarrah, and finally, Madīnat al-Salām. This investigation aims to ascertain the extent to which the spatial characteristics of each of these spaces have been utilized in the production of the subsequent architectural forms. Similarly, it examines the development of the cosmological and eschatological paradise in relation to the Achaemenian and Sasanian royal gardens. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Michael Foucault’s notion of heterotopia, which has been further developed by Henri Lefebvre’s theory of space. The conceptual metaphor theory offers a cognitive linguistic foundation for elucidating the projections of utopias and heterotopias onto one another. To this end, the article focuses on the conceptual metaphor GOD IS A KING.
